The Ptolemaic dynasty begins its rule over Egypt, a Hellenistic kingdom formed after the death of Alexander the Great.
Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, is born.
Julius Caesar defeats Ptolemy XIII in the siege of Alexandria, leading to the reinstatement of Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra VII solidifies her rule over Egypt through alliances with Julius Caesar and later Mark Antony, amidst the growing power of Rome.